What is the catalytic converter

The catalytic converter is the most commonly recognized part of an emission system. It is located between the engine and the exhaust manifold, and it is what allows for the complete transformation of harmful gasses into harmless water vapor. Catalytic converters are used in almost all modern vehicles to significantly reduce harmful emissions. These components are responsible for essentially converting everything left over from combustion into harmless substances, such as water and carbon dioxide, which can be easily disposed of by the vehicle’s radiator or air conditioner.

In order to better understand why catalytic converters are so effective at reducing emissions, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of how they work. There are three main parts that make up a catalytic converter

: the catalyst, the ceramic honeycomb substrate, and the substrate support structure. The catalyst itself is made primarily of precious metals and alloys, such as platinum and rhodium, while the ceramic honeycomb substrate acts as a form of insulation that keeps heat from causing damage or degradation to the precious metals found in the catalyst. The substrate support structure holds everything together in order to prevent any damage or breakage that could alter or degrade the catalyst itself.The process begins when un burned fuel and fuel vapors escape from the engine

Three-way catalysts are of great importance in the purification of combustion gas emissions from power generation and internal combustion engines, such as automobiles and trucks. They can decompose three harmful substances: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Three-way catalysts are developed to make use of three different processes, known as three-way catalysis. The first process is oxidizing CO and HC into harmless substances such as CO2 and water. The second process is reducing NOx into N2, and the final process is reducing NO back into N2.

The reaction of a three-way catalyst can be described by the following chemical equations:

1. CO + ½ O2 → CO2 + H2O;

2HC + ½ O → CO + H2;

3. 2NO + 3O → 4NO2;

4. 4NO2 + 3O → 2NO3;

5. 2NO3 → 2NO + O3;

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